Ans. The accused must file a bail application, which is reviewed by a magistrate or judge, who decides based on the severity of the crime, flight risk, and other factors.

Ans. Cognizable offenses are serious crimes like murder, rape, kidnapping, etc., where the police can arrest without a warrant.

Ans.  An unregistered property sale agreement is not legally enforceable in a court of law.

Ans.

Resolving property disputes in India involves several steps and can take place through various legal and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods. The process typically depends on the nature of the dispute, the type of property involved, and the jurisdiction. Here’s an overview of the most common steps involved:

1. Attempt Amicable Settlement:

Before going to court, it's advisable to attempt an amicable settlement between the parties involved. This can be done through:

• Negotiation: Direct discussions between the parties to reach a mutually agreeable solution.
• Mediation: Engaging a neutral third party to facilitate discussions and help resolve the dispute.
• Conciliation: A process similar to mediation, where a conciliator helps the parties reach an agreement.

2. Legal Notice:

If amicable settlement efforts fail, the aggrieved party may send a legal notice to the other party, outlining the dispute, claiming their rights, and giving them an opportunity to settle the matter before legal proceedings begin.

3. Filing a Suit in Civil Court:

If the dispute is not resolved through negotiation or a legal notice, the next step is to file a lawsuit in the appropriate civil court. The process involves:

• Choosing the Correct Jurisdiction: Property disputes are generally filed in the civil court where the property is located.
• Drafting a Plaint: A formal written complaint called a "plaint" is prepared, detailing the facts of the case, the nature of the dispute, the plaintiff’s claim, and the relief sought.
• Payment of Court Fees: Court fees must be paid based on the value of the property or the nature of the claim.
• Submission of Evidence: Submit supporting documents such as the sale deed, title deed, property tax receipts, and any other relevant evidence.
• Summons to Defendant: The court issues a summons to the opposing party (defendant) to appear in court and respond to the suit.

4. Court Proceedings:

The court process typically involves multiple stages:

• Framing of Issues: The court identifies the key issues that need to be resolved.
• Trial: Both parties present their evidence, examine witnesses, and make arguments before the court.
• Judgment: The court issues its judgment based on the facts, evidence, and arguments presented. The judgment may include a decree to resolve the property dispute, compensation, or any other relief deemed appropriate.

5. Appeal:

If either party is dissatisfied with the court's decision, they can file an appeal to a higher court, such as the District Court, High Court, or Supreme Court, depending on the value of the dispute and the grounds for appeal.

6. Execution of Decree:

Once the court passes a decree, the winning party must execute it. If the losing party does not comply with the decree, the court may take steps to enforce it, such as attachment of property or appointment of a receiver.

7. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR):

Apart from court proceedings, ADR methods are increasingly used to resolve property disputes in India, including:

• Arbitration: An arbitrator is appointed to make a binding decision on the dispute. The process is less formal than court proceedings and is often quicker.
• Mediation and Conciliation: As mentioned earlier, these methods involve a neutral third party who facilitates discussions between the parties and helps them reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
• Lok Adalat (People's Court): Lok Adalats are held periodically and provide an alternative forum for settling disputes without going through lengthy court procedures. Decisions reached in Lok Adalats are binding and are given the status of a civil court decree.

8. Revenue Court for Land Disputes:

For disputes related to agricultural land or land revenue, the matter can be taken to the Revenue Court. Each state has a different hierarchy of revenue courts, including Tehsildar, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and Collector, depending on the nature of the dispute.

9. Use of Property Tribunals:

Certain property disputes may fall under specialized tribunals, such as the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) for real estate-related issues or tribunals dealing with rent control or tenancy disputes.

10. Legal Documentation and Title Search:

It is crucial to ensure that all property documents are accurate and up-to-date, as any errors can complicate or prolong a dispute. Conducting a proper title search and maintaining clear property documentation can prevent many disputes.

Conclusion:

Property disputes in India can be resolved through court litigation, ADR methods like mediation and arbitration, or specialized tribunals. Choosing the appropriate method depends on the specific circumstances of the case, the willingness of the parties to negotiate, and the nature of the dispute.

For specific advice, it is always recommended to consult a qualified property lawyer who can guide you through the process based on your unique situation and local laws.

Ans.

No, Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) are generally not allowed to buy agricultural land, plantation property, or farmhouse property in India. The acquisition of agricultural land by NRIs is governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 and the related regulations issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Key Points Regarding NRI Restrictions on Agricultural Land:

1. Restrictions Under FEMA:

   • FEMA and RBI regulations specifically prohibit NRIs and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) from purchasing any agricultural land, farmhouse, or plantation property in India. These restrictions are imposed to prevent the misuse of foreign funds in acquiring such properties, which are primarily intended for agricultural purposes.
   • NRIs can, however, inherit agricultural land from an Indian resident. In such cases, the NRI can hold the inherited property, but selling the land is subject to certain conditions.

2. What NRIs Can Purchase:

   • NRIs are allowed to purchase residential and commercial properties in India without any specific permission from the RBI. There is no restriction on the number of residential or commercial properties that an NRI can buy in India.

3. Seeking Permission:

   • If an NRI wishes to purchase agricultural land, they would need to seek specific permission from the RBI, which is rarely granted. Permission is generally considered only in exceptional circumstances and often not for investment purposes.

4. Inheritance:

   • While NRIs cannot buy agricultural land, they can inherit it from a resident Indian. If an NRI inherits such land, they are permitted to retain it or sell it, provided the sale complies with FEMA regulations.

5. Joint Ownership:

   • An NRI cannot become a joint owner of agricultural land in India if the property is not inherited. Even if the co-owner is an Indian citizen, the NRI cannot buy the land.

Conclusion:

NRIs are restricted from buying agricultural land in India under FEMA and RBI regulations. They are, however, allowed to inherit such properties or invest in residential or commercial real estate.

For more specific advice, it's recommended to consult a legal expert who specializes in property law or NRI regulations in India.